The number of muons measured in hybrid events detected by the Pierre Auger Observatory
on behalf of the Pierre Auger Collaboration,
A. Abdul Halim,
P. Abreu,
M. Aglietta,
I. Allekotte,
K. Almeida Cheminant,
A. Almela, R. Aloisio, J. Alvarez-Muñiz, J. Ammerman Yebra, G.A. Anastasi, L.A. Anchordoqui, B. Andrada, S. Andringa, C. Aramo, P.R. Araújo Ferreira, E. Arnone, J.C. Arteaga Velazquez, H.G. Asorey, P. Assis, G. Avila, E. Avocone, A.M. Badescu, A. Bakalova, A. Balaceanu, F. Barbato, A. Bartz Mocellin, J.A. Bellido, C. Berat, M.E. Bertaina, G. Bhatta, M. Bianciotto, P.L. Biermann, V. Binet, K. Bismark, T. Bister, J. Biteau, J. Blazek, C. Bleve, J. Blümer, M. Bohacova, D. Boncioli, C. Bonifazi, L. Bonneau Arbeletche, N. Borodai, J. Brack, P.G. Brichetto Orchera, F.L. Briechle, A. Bueno, S. Buitink, M. Buscemi, M. Büsken, A. Bwembya, K.S. Caballero-Mora, S. Cabana-Freire, L. Caccianiga, I. Caracas, R. Caruso, A. Castellina, F. Catalani, G. Cataldi, L. Cazon, M. Cerda, A. Cermenati, J.A. Chinellato, J. Chudoba, L. Chytka, R.W. Clay, A. Cobos Cerutti, R. Colalillo, A. Coleman, M.R. Coluccia, R. Conceição, A. Condorelli, G. Consolati, M. Conte, F. Convenga, D. Correia dos Santos, P.J. Costa, C. Covault, M. Cristinziani, C.S. Cruz Sanchez, S. Dasso, K. Daumiller, B.R. Dawson, R.M. de Almeida, J. de Jesus, S.J. de Jong, J. de Mello Neto, I. De Mitri, J. de Oliveira, D. de Oliveira Franco, F. de Palma, V. de Souza, E. De Vito, A. Del Popolo, O. Deligny, N. Denner, L. Deval, A. di Matteo, M. Dobre, C. Dobrigkeit, J.C. D'Olivo, L.M. Domingues Mendes, J. dos Anjos, R.C. dos Anjos, J. Ebr, F.H. Ellwanger, M. Emam, R. Engel, I. Epicoco, M. Erdmann, A. Etchegoyen, C. Evoli, H. Falcke, J. Farmer, G.R. Farrar, A. Fauth, N. Fazzini, F. Feldbusch, F. Fenu, A. Fernandes, B. Fick, J.M. Figueira, A. Filipcic, T. Fitoussi, B. Flaggs, T. Fodran, T. Fujii, A. Fuster, C. Galea, C. Galelli, B. García, C. Gaudu, H. Gemmeke, F. Gesualdi, A. Gherghel-Lascu, P.L. Ghia, U. Giaccari, M. Giammarchi, J. Glombitza, F. Gobbi, F. Gollan, G. Golup, M. Gómez Berisso, P.F. Gómez Vitale, J.P. Gongora, J.M. Gonzalez, N.M. Gonzalez, I. Goos, D. Gora, A. Gorgi, M. Gottowik, T.D. Grubb, F. Guarino, G. Guedes, E. Guido, S.T. Hahn, P. Hamal, M.R. Hampel, P.M. Hansen, D. Harari, V.M. Harvey, A. Haungs, T. Hebbeker, C. Hojvat, J. Hörandel, P. Horvath, M. Hrabovsky, T. Huege, A. Insolia, P.G. Isar, P. Janecek, J.A. Johnsen, J. Jurysek, A. Kääpä, K.H. Kampert, B. Keilhauer, A. Khakurdikar, V.V. Kizakke Covilakam, H. Klages, M. Kleifges, F. Knapp, N. Kunka, B.L. Lago, N. Langner, M.A. Leigui de Oliveira, Y. Lema-Capeans, V. Lenok, A. Letessier-Selvon, I. Lhenry-Yvon, D. Lo Presti, L. Lopes, L. Lu, Q. Luce, J.P. Lundquist, A. Machado Payeras, M. Majercakova, D. Mandat, B.C. Manning, P. Mantsch, S. Marafico, F.M. Mariani, A. Mariazzi, I.C. Maris, G. Marsella, D. Martello, S. Martinelli, O. Martínez Bravo, M.A. Martins, M. Mastrodicasa, H.J. Mathes, J. Matthews, G. Matthiae, E.W. Mayotte, S. Mayotte, P. Mazur, G. Medina-Tanco, J. Meinert, D. Melo, A. Menshikov, C. Merx, S. Michal, M.I. Micheletti, L. Miramonti, S. Mollerach, F. Montanet, L. Morejon, C. Morello, A.L. Müller, K. Mulrey, R. Mussa, M.S. Muzio, W.M. Namasaka, S. Negi, L. Nellen, K. Nguyen, G. Nicora, M. Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M. Niechciol, D. Nitz, D. Nosek, V. Novotný, L. Nozka, A. Nucita, L.A. Nunez, C. Oliveira, M. Palatka, J. Pallotta, S. Panja, G. Parente, T. Paulsen, J. Pawlowsky, M. Pech, J. Pękala, R. Pelayo, L.A. Pereira, E.E. Pereira Martins, J. Perez Armand, C. Pérez Bertolli, L. Perrone, S. Petrera, C. Petrucci, T. Pierog, M. Pimenta, M. Platino, B. Pont, M. Pothast, M. Pourmohammad Shahvar, P. Privitera, M. Prouza, A. Puyleart, S. Querchfeld, J. Rautenberg, D. Ravignani, M. Reininghaus, J. Ridky, F. Riehn, M. Risse, V. Rizi, W. Rodrigues de Carvalho, E. Rodriguez, J.R. Rodriguez Rojo, M.J. Roncoroni, S. Rossoni, M. Roth, E. Roulet, A. Rovero, P. Ruehl, A. Saftoiu, M. Saharan, F. Salamida, H.I. Salazar, G. Salina, J. Sanabria Gomez, F.A. Sánchez, E.M. Santos, E. Santos, F. Sarazin, R. Sarmento, R. Sato, P. Savina, C.M. Schäfer, V. Scherini, H. Schieler, M. Schimassek, M. Schimp, F. Schlüter, D. Schmidt, O. Scholten, H. Schoorlemmer, P. Schovanek, F. Schröder, J. Schulte, T. Schulz, S.J. Sciutto, M. Scornavacche, A. Segreto, S. Sehgal, S.U. Shivashankara, G. Sigl, G. Silli, O. Sima, F. Simon, R. Smau, R. Smida, P. Sommers, J.F. Soriano, R. Squartini, M. Stadelmaier*, D. Stanca, S. Stanič, J. Stasielak, P. Stassi, S. Strähnz, M. Straub, M. Suárez-Durán, T. Suomijarvi, A.D. Supanitsky, Z. Svozilikova, Z. Szadkowski, A. Tapia, C. Taricco, C. Timmermans, O. Tkachenko, P. Tobiska, C.J. Todero Peixoto, B. Tomé, Z. Torrès, A. Travaini, P. Travnicek, C. Trimarelli, M.J. Tueros, M. Unger, L. Vaclavek, M. Vacula, J.F. Valdés Galicia, L. Valore, E. Varela, A. Vásquez-Ramírez, D. Veberic, C. Ventura, I.D. Vergara Quispe, V. Verzi, J. Vícha, J. Vink, J. Vlastimil, S. Vorobiov, C.K.O. Watanabe, A. Watson, A. Weindl, L. Wiencke, H. Wilczyński, D. Wittkowski, B. Wundheiler, B. Yue, A. Yushkov, O. Zapparrata, E. Zas, D. Zavrtanik and M. Zavrtaniket al. (click to show)*: corresponding author
Pre-published on:
August 16, 2023
Published on:
September 27, 2024
Abstract
The number of muons produced in extensive air showers is a reliable proxy for the amount of hadron production that occurs during the shower development. It is, therefore, an important observable in the context of identifying the mass composition of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays. Beyond LHC energies, however, hadronic multiparticle production as it occurs in air showers from ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays, is poorly understood, and currently there is little to no way to directly test it experimentally. In simulations, current models of hadronic interactions are unable to produce the average number of muons that is measured by multiple air-shower experiments. In this work, we estimate the number of muons in vertical hybrid events detected by both the fluorescence and surface detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory above a primary energy of 3 EeV. To reconstruct the signal, we use a model of the water-Cherenkov detector responses that is based on air-shower universality. We take into account the effect of the longitudinal shower development on the lateral distribution of the signal at the ground, as well as the primary energy estimated from the calorimetric energy deposition of the air shower. In this way, we are able to estimate the amount of muons created in vertical showers, relative to expectations from simulated showers using modern hadronic interaction models.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/1.444.0339
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